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Ives noir
Ives noir is a red hybrid grape variety that is grown throughout the United States. The grape is named after its propagator, Connecticut wine grower Henry Ives but the grapes pedigree and exact origin is not clear. After Prohibition in the United States, Ives was a popular grape used in the production of sweet port-style wines but saw its plantings steadily decrease throughout the 20th century as the vine's susceptibility to air pollution took its toll.〔J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz ''Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours'' pg 477, Allen Lane 2012 ISBN 978-1-846-14446-2〕
==History and pedigree==
According to the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) the grape was first developed in Ohio in 1844 from a crossing of an unknown ''Vitis'' species and Hartford Proflic (itself a crossing of an unknown ''Vitis labrusca'' vine and Isabella that was developed in Connecticut).〔Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) ''(Ives noir )'' Accessed: April 20th, 2013〕〔Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) ''(Hartford )'' Accessed: April 20th, 2013〕 The National Grape Registry maintained by the University of California, Davis list 1850 as the release date.〔National Grape Registry ''"(Ives noir )"'' Accessed: April 20th, 2013〕 Writings from Henry Ives himself dates the crossing to 1840. However, the earliest record of Hartford Prolific being cultivated dates back to 1846〔 with the VIVC dating the crossing even later to 1849.〔
This inconsistency puts the pedigree of Ives noir in question. In other writings, Henry Ives claimed that he cultivated the grape from a seedling of a ''Vitis vinifera'' variety called either "Malaga" or "Madeira" but ampelographers as early as the late 19th century found little evidence to support any ''vinifera'' pedigree or relationship to the Malaga wine grapes Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel or the traditional Madeira wine grapes of Malvasia, Bual, Verdelho, Sercial, Terrantez and Bastardo. While DNA analysis of Ives noir has not yet taken place, today ampelographers believe that the grape is likely derived from unknown ''Vitis labrusca'' and ''Vitis aestivalis'' vines.〔
Ives noir was widely established in the eastern United States by the end of Prohibition in the 1930s when the grape became popular with wineries making sweet fortified wines. However by the end of the 20th century, plantings of the grape were declining significantly as the toll of air pollution in the United States resulted in crop failure for the sensitive vine.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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